Motors

KV = RPM / Voltage

Low KV: low RPM, efficiency, flight time

High KV: high RPM, aggressive

Stator diameter: larger = more torque, larger props

Stator height: larger = more power, more weight

Brushed: less efficient, DC, no ESC

Brushless: more efficient, AC, needs ESC

Propellers

2 blades: efficiency, flight time

3 blades: speed, responsiveness

Diameter: larger = more thrust, better cruise efficiency

Pitch: lower = efficiency, higher = speed

ESCs

BLHeli: ESC firmware

Batteries

C = max current / capacity

Lower C: lower current, often lighter

Higher C: higher current, often heavier

LiPo: high power density

Li-ion: high energy density

3D Printing Filaments

PLA: easy, cheap, softens at 55–60°C. Print white.

PETG: easy, impact resistant, ~80°C heat resistance

ABS: hard to print, impact resistant, ~100°C heat resistance

ASA: ABS + better heat/UV resistance

Aircraft axes